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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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, y1 J! {! o2 l c7 b6 ]% P2 }) T+ [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, / w$ a7 K) K# f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, S" C% P( u6 V; V5 h2 [8 z$ C font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- g: v9 ?1 f2 O7 { "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, % l; i7 S' |! g9 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性," B8 c2 N: X, c3 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 C( O2 J/ o# ^" I"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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! u: x: N0 g0 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, + t F# I- M% w/ A' S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, I% I: M/ l8 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: r0 s! N0 w7 D. ?5 K "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 2 F# L! a0 \0 D) O4 A! h2 C9 `) K' _4 q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ) T* o5 ^& i3 A5 e, F4 W; I% t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, : G4 U3 m3 P* p" z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% z( C* {% h1 H) Y; b "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 0 o2 Y' s* a4 H& cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ! ^6 j: \0 u( z; |, E C! ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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8 k( i4 n0 X- |& n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, . v, r. _6 ^5 ]: @/ g# n" D( F5 u; R1 r% j' B8 Q- P# lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 k* N( ]# O& _2 X0 g; I$ x "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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% {1 X/ q ?) s) }/ _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ! ~; Z& b j2 m# x9 R) e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 7 |! [ R: J0 l% T9 y D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 0 `; I" A: f0 F/ S- m: V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ " s& ~5 U( U8 P- D- w% B# {1 Q! ?: ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ' G' D. m S$ Q9 Z5 I8 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, $ f! U5 z0 n/ u) C# U( g& u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % a9 X+ l; \5 x$ F d5 a1 w" q"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 4 ~9 U" o1 R3 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 8 p$ M" L5 X9 R( z# P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; E9 K4 @* J% d# L7 u"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,+ t$ s$ n5 P% [9 m2 z7 f, Q" D 3 F0 `5 j0 m- P- w. U# \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 3 q. l% C+ `: N7 i7 ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 8 S2 P1 i* I1 t" J3 X2 i1 y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 T5 ]4 w( }2 h, W' E" F# d9 e"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, / Z3 D& u5 Q' @' ^' j/ Y4 Y, n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: " `0 e" S$ P1 R- }" Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : t1 ~- m1 n5 R0 @$ n"Times New Roman"">“ : t6 o+ H% L- Y7 q) a9 k# e4 l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? " I" u) c5 [" m: J# k: a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” # o1 K: B0 n1 d0 _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, " M+ ?6 l$ n, L, x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ K5 _$ u( {- A/ H0 m9 L "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:' x0 [, P2 `6 ]0 k% i & d' g7 p9 [+ \ i1 v mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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$ `* |) d) I0 x: S9 O2 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 : y; [! \+ a# T( w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, " i" t; y) L n8 R+ _( Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! B+ T, _- i& c$ m) c1 z0 E"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, ( I* u, s- p# _! [: G; U' T5 l7 R9 o: m* B# x! o' amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 6 b+ c5 O* i: U8 _: |1 c0 }/ H( ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' N+ D8 s# A8 ?! [- w A "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 4 o% A5 t4 k9 F' r \* e1 J, K/ k Q+ Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 & V1 K o" ^) _# }1 }3 B6 n5 s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里. T+ ~+ r5 Q( D' Q! ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ! ]6 H7 |4 b; Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(: k! P( C/ M- a% Y' L$ U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), # |$ ^1 x; e; ?& O: afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: B- K8 V) t, W9 ], R "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用& S5 ?$ E7 e6 m I" {12.0pt">, , E& {0 y* p; p( _( X( S) ]/ ~ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, . x: [& \: B) Q4 p8 V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( h" ]& l! I$ P' X- s4 l "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ( F$ v5 g+ M, |0 w2 u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!$ O5 R0 n4 [. Q; B; {* D7 P4 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, % e" d0 M% [( A) r! w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 q; ]# c6 {8 ^ r8 R. w5 R "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 6 d% C5 H3 \! i* ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, + U$ A* k, |6 D7 [( g+ I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 7 l; Y( p* w- \' H2 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " ~ s5 v1 ?; Y [8 s% u9 ?6 A"Times New Roman"">“ % F% `7 N' e! s* S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”9 {9 Z7 a3 t6 A7 T 12.0pt"> # Y" d! o. V8 v+ Q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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8 ~9 n9 E2 J$ n+ U! i) V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, , O6 b' ^7 \- j! u2 W+ y" I d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, " l; E( k9 l" y; H1 R" [9 C5 U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 x& ^8 v9 B u. ["Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 7 g M* k; H8 b1 e; ~; i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, ; k- g8 f" k+ C* Q2 `3 d) y$ a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 8 K& j0 N" `8 M/ d; { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ L6 A% `+ ?- V- E* O "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 2 J3 x0 }4 U% Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 2 Z6 E/ y+ y3 i宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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/ E" E: J$ I# ]/ T7 ~4 _) W/ @ c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,+ i ^' N9 M4 |$ W9 K + c$ K& Z9 H7 g& D# G {4 X sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 v- D/ X( w# |% A "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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" W% ^) l% p" s/ w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 2 D# ^, [/ b2 e; c m8 b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 2 U8 E/ u/ A8 n4 l+ K) P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ _& j' ?: D" {4 }+ Z4 ]* S3 O "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 2 m- ^- ] h, P3 S% @; A6 g" {4 E3 L" W6 { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 8 Z) S5 _% ]( ^( Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- b/ Z I9 Z. e. @" r1 E$ Z, J; ` "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,: I6 ^( [8 h4 C, [5 v4 w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 4 h- M# o7 d" R1 r }& Q3 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( S$ S/ O* c. L/ q) F; T" W0 B4 v6 k2 } "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题9 y* b& P; q. J8 f 12.0pt">: % ]* U( |. [9 L* N+ Q3 z/ x9 U6 ^ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: + Z" _7 U5 j; |/ u3 K; z6 B& Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: ]+ I- f; ^, r/ ]& G. S5 m6 I: a "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才$ L: w+ b& I2 `12.0pt">, 7 @1 p7 E. w* m: m "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 7 I/ `! r6 X7 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ S. @- [# N D% U0 C"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 2 h5 b3 V# [1 l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, $ o2 f0 L2 j: J v2 D& h& ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 7 J5 }/ ]5 z! @8 N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) O# ~6 H: l- s2 W: |6 G7 E- f "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题8 x6 K9 y/ e7 O4 X8 c 12.0pt">; [9 K7 d8 E0 N" d9 [ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, - J% a5 F, y4 \& ]. P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 R5 Q; ]) @7 @"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求) o4 I$ n' w6 ] w& i. l12.0pt">: + [7 H) W& Y% ]' j2 u7 S "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; : b* M- {( x- Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( Y6 m1 H" P' e4 A! u- Q: e* c"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 9 D; l- A1 f8 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, ( Y, C0 ]) ^' ]3 j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ q8 r/ x9 z4 a( s! A9 f5 w "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统, [8 f F* |) D w- ~4 `8 Y 12.0pt">:

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( k9 p) ]+ q+ I1 N; o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ $ R2 O' I9 f$ R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 1 H$ \" X6 m; O, h2 t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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0 G: Z% c! n$ g& L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,9 R5 H, @% r8 N. Y3 ] ; m2 ^% Z# Z9 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! n6 m# k7 P5 l# o3 W M"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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! c" T# a3 g6 c# I3 v+ s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, / W8 o# M V! z% B: W5 J1 E: l. _2 `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 z2 w4 P2 J, I# ^+ X, A% G"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, / |5 ~0 }" q N% x( J& L5 ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ u3 d4 A3 c( {8 A/ Y, q& s% t! ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " s- |2 C, Z6 Z; B4 j3 \& T" {"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, + K. B7 W$ O) i6 R H# [) E% w$ ?% M zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ( v" n% G" S8 t4 u+ f2 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. R( c+ J" {$ d "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, + o9 m* e: O+ p/ V5 N# o3 ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 6 H. R$ W' ~# F+ Q/ d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ! G( g8 z1 V; pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 s; Z! l2 B6 o. f"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 4 w6 l. m1 k; V3 h9 q% y) v: fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, $ m- s7 p+ M9 J* w! t2 H0 ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 U3 l6 R; X$ A& D& ~9 I% b "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 8 x0 R1 }- Y( [3 U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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* u% n% j5 |6 X* {7 W. l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,3 `/ r5 p6 f) i3 f- T7 J+ D/ g5 Jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" }1 ]3 M6 e1 _7 q4 c& h! D "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定6 S! }9 F! A% N. G) m0 K) A* P 12.0pt">, ; G4 I, z% r7 B# Z) Q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 9 x0 A! O4 ^% q& l! \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : W4 S+ r B# z7 Z"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:7 B( Y& Y( u6 W: ]" |0 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ; f' t n; i( u) k0 m- M; l" t4 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 9 ` {0 T9 i8 }1 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - T. c6 O8 r* T6 b4 M"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 7 K& x- g" j5 P8 ]3 o% E mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, : w$ p7 q6 N, {( Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " m+ I0 l! V: f. v( v @"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: % `8 H5 A, [- Y9 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ! J _: |: E6 V2 y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ! g. m. ~8 B8 D( V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 D9 s. w0 T- J7 q6 |4 D"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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